Colvin left Montgomery for New York in 1958, because she had difficulty finding and keeping work after the notoriety of the . In the south, male ministers made up the overwhelming majority of leaders. Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and C. P. Austin. And, like Parks, the local black establishment started to rally support nationwide for her cause. And that person, it transpired, would be Rosa Parks. The problem arose because all the seats on the bus were taken. But the very spirit and independence of mind that had inspired Parks to challenge segregation started to pose a threat to Montgomery's black male hierarchy, which had started to believe, and then resent, their own spin. In high school, she had high ambitions of political activity. She was fingerprinted, denied a phone call and locked into a cell. When Austin abandoned the family, Gadson was unable to financially support her children. "When I was in the ninth grade, all the police cars came to get Jeremiah," says Colvin. She deserves our attention, our gratitude and a warm, bright spotlight all her own. [2][13] Not long after, in September 1952, Colvin started attending Booker T. Washington High School. Claudette Colvin, Who Was Arrested for Refusing to Give Up Her Bus Seat in 1955, Is Fighting to Clear Her Record The civil rights pioneer pushed back against segregation nine months before Rosa. "He asked us both to get up. ", But even as she inspired awe throughout the country, elders within Montgomery's black community began to doubt her suitability as a standard-bearer of the movement. I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet Tubman was pushing down on the othersaying, 'Sit down girl!' Claudette had two sons named Raymond and Randy Colvin, and her first pregnancy was at the age of 16 with a much older man. [30] Claudette began a job in 1969 as a nurse's aide in a nursing home in Manhattan. "You may do that," said Parks, who is now 87 and lives in Detroit. . In this small, elevated patch of town, black people sit out on wooden porches and watch an impoverished world go by. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). ", Rosa Parks is a heroine to the US civil rights movement. Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a retired American nurse aide who was a pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement. ", To complicate matters, a pregnant black woman, Mrs Hamilton, got on and sat next to Colvin. 1956- Colvin was one of four Black women who served as plaintiffs in a federal court suit 1956- Had her child, his name was Raymond 1957- People were bombing black churches 1957- Congress approved the Civil Rights Act of 1957 ", "They never thought much of us, so there was no way they were going to run with us," says Hardin. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . "I respect my elders, but I don't respect what they did to Colvin," she says. Going to a segregated school had one advantage, she found - her teachers gave her a good grounding in black history. Her pastor was called and came to pick her up. [16], Through the trial Colvin was represented by Fred Gray, a lawyer for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil rights actions. Nonetheless, Raymond died at the age of 37, reported Core Online. The story of Colvins courage might have been forgotten forever had not Frank Sikora, a Birmingham newspaper reporter assigned in 1975 to write a retrospective of the bus boycott, remembered that there had been a girl arrested before Parks. [6][7] It is now widely accepted that Colvin was not accredited by civil rights campaigners at the time due to her circumstances. Read about our approach to external linking. Colvin has said, "Young people think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus and ended segregation, but that wasn't the case at all. "He asked us both to get up. Respectfully and faithfully yours. I didn't get up, because I didn't feel like I was breaking the law. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People briefly considered using Colvin's case to challenge the segregation laws, but they decided against it because of her age. However, her story is often silenced. On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old black seamstress, boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after a hard day's work, took a seat and headed for home. Claudette Colvin was an American civil rights activist during the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. "We learned about negro spirituals and recited poems but my social studies teachers went into more detail," she says. She shouted that her constitutional rights were being violated. And, from there, the short distance to sanctity: they called her "Saint Rosa", "an angel walking", "a heaven-sent messenger". [2][14] Despite being a good student, Colvin had difficulty connecting with her peers in school due to grief. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. She had sons named Raymond and Randy. Phillip Hoose also wrote about her in the young adult biography Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice. This much we know. The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. Colvin took her seat near the emergency door next to one black girl; two others sat across the aisle from her. "She ain't got to do nothing but stay black and die," retorted a black passenger. The bus went three stops before several white passengers got on. Blake approached her. "She was a bookworm," says Gloria Hardin, who went to school with Colvin and who still lives in King Hill. I had been kicked out of school, and I had a 3-month-old baby.. Similarly, Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Detroit in 1957. She now works as a nurses' aide at an old people's home in downtown Manhattan. So, Colvin and her younger sister, Delphine, were taken in by their great aunt and uncle, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin whose daughter, Velma Colvin, had already moved out. Martin Luther King Jr., had been seeking to stir the outrage of African Americans and sympathetic whites into civic action. "However, the black leadership in Montgomery at the time thought that we should wait. ", If that were not enough, the son, Raymond, to whom she would give birth in December, emerged light-skinned: "He came out looking kind of yellow, and then I was ostracised because I wouldn't say who the father was and they thought it was a white man. With funding from church donations and activities organized by the chapter, Colvin had her day in court. Although some of the details might seem familiar, this is not the Rosa Parks story. Another factor was that before long Colvin became pregnant. The policeman arrived, displaying two of the characteristics for which white Southern men had become renowned: gentility and racism. "New York is a completely different culture to Montgomery, Alabama. ", She believes that, if her pregnancy had been the only issue, they would have found a way to overcome it. Two years earlier, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, African-Americans launched an effective bus boycott after drivers refused to honour an integrated seating policy, which was settled in an unsatisfactory fudge. Instead of being celebrated as Rosa Parks would be just nine months later, fifteen-year-old Claudette Colvin found herself shunned by her . I can still vividly hear the click of those keys. You had to take a brown paper bag and draw a diagram of your foot and take it to the store". But she rarely told her story after moving to New York City. Claudette Colvin's birth flower is Aster/Myosotis. "I was scared and it was really, really frightening, it was like those Western movies where they put the bandit in the jail cell and you could hear the keys. A group of black civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr., was organized to discuss Colvin's arrest with the police commissioner. Colvin was a member of the NAACP Youth Council and had been learning about the civil rights movement in school. But somewhere en route they mislaid the truth. Like Parks, she, too, pleaded not guilty to breaking the law. "I became very active in her youth group and we use to meet every Sunday afternoon at the Luther church," she says. In 2016, the Smithsonian Institution and its National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) were challenged by Colvin and her family, who asked that Colvin be given a more prominent mention in the history of the civil rights movement. And, like the pregnant Mrs Hamilton, many African-Americans refused to tolerate the indignity of the South's racist laws in silence. The law at the time designated seats for black passengers at the back and for whites at the front, but left the middle as a murky no man's land. You have to take a stand and say, 'This is not right.'. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Parkss protest helped spark the Montgomery bus boycott, which black leaders sought to supplement with a federal civil suit challenging the constitutionality of Montgomerys bus laws. Today their boycott, modelled on the one in Montgomery, is largely forgotten - but it was a milestone in achieving equality. It is a letter Colvin knew nothing about. Raymond D. Gunderson, age 91, of Hot Springs, passed away Tuesday, Feb. 21, 2023. She wants . She dreamed of becoming the President of the United States. It was a journey not only into history but also mythology. In July 2014, Claudette Colvin's story was documented in a television episode of Drunk History (Montgomery, AL (Season 2, Episode 1)). "[37], In 2000, Troy State University opened a Rosa Parks Museum in Montgomery to honor the town's place in civil rights history. Instead of being taken to a juvenile detention centre, Colvin was taken to an adult jail and put in a small cell with nothing in it but a broken sink and a cot without a mattress. The bus froze. Civil Rights Leader #7. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! "We didn't know what was going to happen, but we knew something would happen. As civil rights attorney Fred Gray put it, Claudette gave all of us moral courage. This occurred nine months before the more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.[3]. Rembert said, "I know people have heard her name before, but I just thought we should have a day to celebrate her." "The light-skinned girls always thought they were better looking," says Colvin. I probably would've examined a dozen more before I got there if Rosa Parks hadn't come along before I found the right one. "I thought he would stop and shout and then drive on. he asked. She still has one - a handwritten note from William Harris in Sacramento. That was worse than stealing, you know, talking back to a white person. "I didn't know if they were crazy, if they were going to take me to a Klan meeting. Like Colvin, Parks refused, and was arrested and fined. It is time for President Obama to. Claudette Colvin, a civil rights pioneer who in March 1955, at the age of 15, was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a White person on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, is seeking to get her . [28] Colvin stated she was branded a troublemaker by many in her community. Everybody knew. Officers were called to the scene and Colvin was forcefully taken off of the bus and . Anything to detach herself from the horror of reality. March 2 was named Claudette Colvin Day in Montgomery. The urban bustle surrounding her could not seem further away from King Hill. "Middle-class blacks looked down on King Hill," says Colvin today. Let the people know Rosa Parks was the right person for the boycott. "We just sat there and waited for it all to happen," says Gloria Hardin, who was on the bus, too. ", "I wanted to go north and liberate my people," explains Colvin. She relied on the city's buses to get to and from school because her family did not own a car. Colvin says that after Supreme Court made its decision, things slowly began to change. She said, "They've already called it the Rosa Parks museum, so they've already made up their minds what the story is. She was detained on March 2, 1955, in . Some people questioned if the father was a white male. Astrological Sign: Virgo, Article Title: Claudette Colvin Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: March 26, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014, I knew then and I know now that, when it comes to justice, there is no easy way to get it. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. All I could do is cry. Blake persisted. By then I didnt have much time for celebrating anyway. Months before Rosa Parks became the mother of the modern civil rights movement by refusing to move to the back of a segregated Alabama bus, Black teenager Claudette Colvin did the same. [4], "The bus was getting crowded, and I remember the bus driver looking through the rearview mirror asking her [Colvin] to get up for the white woman, which she didn't," said Annie Larkins Price, a classmate of Colvin. "You got to get up," they shouted. She withdrew from college, and struggled in the local environment. Austin, but she was raised by her great-aunt and great-uncle, Mary Ann and Q.P. [9] When they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived in Pine Level, a small country town in Montgomery County, the same town where Rosa Parks grew up. 45.148.121.138 How encouraging it would be if more adults had your courage, self-respect and integrity. She says she expected some abuse from the driver, but nothing more. She is a civil rights activist from the 1950s and a retired nurse aide. [21], She also said in the 2009 book Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice, by Phillip Hoose, that one of the police officers sat in the back seat with her. It is the story of Claudette Colvin, who was 15 when she waged her brave protest nine months before Parks did and has spent an eternity in Parkss shadow. It felt like Harriet Tubman was pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth was pushing me down on the other shoulder, she mused many years later. She has literally become a footnote in history. "I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet Tubman was pushing down on the othersaying, 'Sit down girl!' He was . By the time she got home, her parents already knew. Ward and Paul Headley. This made her very scared that they would sexually assault her because this happened frequently. The Supreme Court summarily affirmed the District Court decision on November 13, 1956. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. We used to have a lot of juke joints up there, and maybe men would drink too much and get into a fight. [20] In a later interview, she said: "We couldn't try on clothes. [11][12], Two days before Colvin's 13th birthday, Delphine died of polio. "So I went and I testified about the system and I was saying that the system treated us unfairly and I used some of the language that they used when we got taken off the bus.". In 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks' famous act of defiance, Claudette Colvin, a Black high school student in Montgomery, Alabama, was arrested after refusing to give up her seat on a public . It was an exchange later credited with changing the racial landscape of America. [15], In 1955, Colvin was a student at the segregated Booker T. Washington High School in the city. CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST, 81, BIRMINGHAM, AL. Claudette Colvin is a civil rights activist of African descent. I was glad that an adult had finally stood up to the system, but I felt left out.. "He wanted me to give up my seat for a white person and I would have done it for an elderly person but this was a young white woman. She also had become pregnant and they thought an unwed mother would attract too much negative attention in a public legal battle. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. "She was a victim of both the forces of history and the forces of destiny," said King, in a quote now displayed in the civil rights museum in Atlanta. "I waited for about three hours until my mother arrived with my pastor to bail me out. Colvins feisty testimony was instrumental in the shocking success of the suit, which ended segregated seating on Montgomerys buses. The policeman grabbed her and took her to a patrolman's car in which his colleagues were waiting. Then, they will reflect on a time when they took a stand on an important issue. It reads: "The wonderful thing which you have just done makes me feel like a craven coward. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. Colvin was a kid. In a letter published shortly before Shabbaz's death, she wrote to Parks with both praise and perspective: "'Standing up' was not even being the first to protest that indignity. "I remember during Easter one year, I was to get a pair of black patent shoes but you could only get them from the white stores, so my mother drew the outline of my feet on a brown paper bag in order to get the closest size, because we weren't allowed to go in the store to try them on.". Letters of support came from as far afield as Oregon and California. "Well, I'm going to have you arrested," he replied. Black people were allowed to occupy those seats so long as white people didn't need them. The court, however, ruled against her and put her on probation. As well as the predictable teenage fantasy of "marrying a baseball player", she also had strong political convictions. [2] Price testified for Colvin, who was tried in juvenile court. Colvin has retired from her job and has been living her life. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a1897c67fea0e3a In a United States district court, she testified before the three-judge panel that heard the case. I think that history only has room enough for certainyou know, how many icons can you choose? "Move y'all, I want those two seats," he yelled. "I do feel like what I did was a spark and it caught on. Name: Claudette Colvin Birth Year: 1939 Birth date: September 5, 1939 Birth State: Alabama Birth City: Montgomery Birth Country: United States Gender: Female Best Known For: Claudette Colvin is. Claudette Colvin and her guardians relocated to Montgomery when . Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. Soon afterwards, on 5 December, 40,000 African-American bus passengers boycotted the system and that afternoon, black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), electing a young pastor, Martin Luther King Jr, as their president. They sent a delegation to see the commissioner, and after a few meetings they appeared to have reached an understanding that the harassment would stop and that Colvin would be allowed to clear her name. To the exclusively male and predominantly middle-class, church-dominated, local black leadership in Montgomery, she was a fallen woman. Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. "Never. Roy White, who was in charge of most of the project, asked Colvin if she would like to appear in a video to tell her story, but Colvin refused. ", Not so Colvin. [46], Young adult book Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice, by Phillip Hoose, was published in 2009 and won the National Book Award for Young People's Literature. In his Pulitzer prize-winning account of the civil rights years, Parting The Waters, Taylor Branch wrote: "Even if Montgomery Negroes were willing to rally behind an unwed, pregnant teenager - which they were not - her circumstances would make her an extremely vulnerable standard bearer. The police arrived and convinced a black man sitting behind the two women to move so that Mrs. Hamilton could move back, but Colvin still refused to move. The legal case turned on the testimony of four plaintiffs, one of whom was Claudette Colvin. She refused, saying, "It's my constitutional right to sit here as much as that lady. The case, organized and filed in federal court by civil rights attorney Fred Gray, challenged city bus segregation in Montgomery as unconstitutional. ", Almost 50 years on, Colvin still talks about the incident with a mixture of shock and indignation - as though she still cannot believe that this could have happened to her. Complexity, with all its nuances and shaded realities, is a messy business. [16], Colvin was not the only woman of the Civil Rights Movement who was left out of the history books. An ad hoc committee headed by the most prominent local black activist, ED Nixon, was set up to discuss the possibility of making Colvin's arrest a test case. "In a few hours, every Negro youngster on the streets discussed Colvin's arrest. "We walked downtown and my friends and I saw the bus and decided to get on, it was right across the road from Dr Martin Luther King's church," Colvin says. She sat in the colored section about two seats away from an emergency exit, in a Capitol Heights bus. Video1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat, How 10% of Nigerian registered voters delivered victory, Sake brewers toast big rise in global sales, The Indian-American CEO who wants to be US president, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip. Two policemen boarded the bus and asked Colvin why she wouldn't give up her seat. Her voice is soft and high, almost shrill. In 2009, the writer Phillip Hoose published a book that told her story in detail for the first time. "Nobody slept at home because we thought there would be some retaliation," says Colvin. "It was partly because of her colour and because she was from the working poor," says Gwen Patton, who has been involved in civil rights work in Montgomery since the early 60s. Two years later, Colvin moved to New York City, where she had her second son, Randy, and worked as a nurse's aide at a Manhattan nursing home. Nine months before Parks's arrest, a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, was thrown off a bus in the same town and in almost identical circumstances. [36], Colvin and her family have been fighting for recognition for her action. [5] Colvin did not receive the same attention as Parks for a number of reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, she was pregnant. Best Known For: Claudette Colvin is an activist who was a pioneer in the civil rights movement in Alabama during the 1950s. It was not your tired feet, but your strength of character and resolve that inspired us." The pace of life is so slow and the mood so mellow that local residents look as if they have been wading through molasses in a half-hearted attempt to catch up with the past 50 years. Some have tried to change that. She refused to give up her seat on a bus months before Rosa Parks' more famous protest. Mine was the first cry for justice, and a loud one. On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. ", Some in Montgomery, particularly in King Hill, think the decision was informed by snobbery. ", When the boycott was over and the African-American community had emerged victorious, King, Nixon and Parks appeared for the cameras. Taylor Branch. They just didn't want to know me. [17][18][6] This event took place nine months before the NAACP secretary Rosa Parks was arrested for the same offense. Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth were both African Americans who sought the abolition of slavery, Tubman was well known for helping 300 fellow slaves escape slavery using the, Truth was a passionate campaigner who fought for women's rights, best known for her speech, Claudette Colvin spoke to Outlook on the BBC World Service. I felt inspired by these women because my teacher taught us about them in so much detail," she says. The discussions in the black community began to focus on black enterprise rather than integration, although national civil rights legislation did not pass until 1964 and 1965. I didn't want to discuss it with them," she says. The majority of customers on the bus system were African American, but they were discriminated against by its custom of segregated seating. This movement took place in the United States. BBC World Service. Colvin. Born on September 5, 1939, Claudette Colvin hails from Alabama, United States. "Whenever people ask me: 'Why didn't you get up when the bus driver asked you?' [51], National Museum of African American History and Culture, "Power Dynamics of a Segregated City: Class, Gender, and Claudette Colvin's Struggle for Equality", "Before Rosa Parks, Claudette Colvin Stayed in Her Bus Seat", "From Footnote to Fame in Civil Rights History", "Before Rosa Parks, A Teenager Defied Segregation On An Alabama Bus", "Chapter 1 (excerpt): 'Up From Pine Level', "#ThrowbackThursday: The girl who acted before Rosa Parks", "Claudette Colvin: an unsung hero in the Montgomery Bus Boycott", "The Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott", "A Forgotten Contribution: Before Rosa Parks, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat on the bus", "Claudette Colvin: First to keep her seat", "Claudette Colvin | Americans Who Tell The Truth", "Claudette Colvin: the woman who refused to give up her bus seat nine months before Rosa Parks", "2 other bus boycott heroes praise Parks' acclaim", "This once-forgotten civil rights hero deserves the Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Chairman Crowley Honors Civil Rights Pioneer Claudette Colvin", "The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Refuse Giving Up Seat on Montgomery Bus", "Claudette Colvin Seeks Greater Recognition For Role In Making Civil Rights History", "Weekend: Civil rights heroine Claudette Colvin", "Claudette Colvin honored by Montgomery council", "Alabama unveils statue of civil rights icon Rosa Parks", "Rosa Parks statue unveiled in Alabama on anniversary of her refusal to give up seat", "She refused to move bus seats months before Rosa Parks. If the bus became so crowded that all the "white seats" in the front of the bus were filled until white people were standing, any African Americans were supposed to get up from nearby seats to make room for whites, move further to the back, and stand in the aisle if there were no free seats in that section. "[33] "I'm not disappointed. When Colvin's case was appealed to the Montgomery Circuit Court on May 6, 1955, the charges of disturbing the peace and violating the segregation laws were dropped, although her conviction for assaulting a police officer was upheld. But, as she recalls her teenage years after the arrest and the pregnancy, she hovers between resentment, sadness and bewilderment at the way she was treated. "If it had been for an old lady, I would have got up, but it wasn't. It is this that incenses Patton. 9. "It bothered some that there was an unruly, tomboy quality to Colvin, including a propensity for curse words and immature outbursts," writes Douglas Brinkly, who recently completed a biography of Parks. Somehow, as Mrs. She turns, watches, wipes, feeds and washes the elderly patients and offers them a gentle, consoling word when they become disoriented. "She had remained calm all during the days of her waiting period and during the trial," wrote Robinson. In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, 15-year-old Claudette . Telephones rang. In 1955, when she was 15, she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white womannine months before Rosa Parks's refusal in Montgomery sparked a bus boycott. But what I do remember is when they asked me to stick my arms out the window and that's when they handcuffed me," Colvin says. She became quiet and withdrawn. Rita Dove penned the poem "Claudette Colvin Goes to Work," which later became a song. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman. "The news travelled fast," wrote Robinson. It was going to be a long night on Dixie Drive. After training, she landed a job as a nurses aide in a Catholic hospital in Manhattan. But Colvin was not the only casualty of this distortion. She retired in 2004. [30], Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery bus boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. She spent the next decade going back and forth like a yo-yo between the two cities, she said. Her reputation also made it impossible for her to find a job. If one white person wanted to sit down there, then all the black people on that row were supposed to get up and either stand or move further to the back. Parks stayed put. Claudette Colvin : biography. Colvin's son Raymond died in 1993.
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