which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis

As the decades passed it was not forgotten, and the comet appeared on Christmas Day, 1758. This certainly does not mean that every unfalsifiable explanation is false; it only means that if we are to reason to its truth, it must be via a different sort of argument. a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment Look for deception as an alternative explanation. A later investigation showed that there was indeed a correlation between TM and warmer weather, but an even stronger correlation between TM and the preceding afternoons forecast of warmer weather for the next day. Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly. c. Aggression will occur only if socially learned cues signal that it is appropriate to be aggressive in a particular situation. This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. Similarly with our other cases. I know of some people with cancer who smoke. What is the name given to this step of the scientific method? Further, we have a conceptual framework for Buffets skillthe causal mechanism makes sensefor his strategies have been widely publicized, and the small handful of others who have had the discipline to follow them have also succeeded over the long run. You note a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. It is freeloading; so it deserves no credit when the outcome comes true. D. It excludes the presumption of causation. First part: The prior probability of the prediction is extremely lowhelped especially by the inclusion of predictions (i.e., no relevant difference in food from island to island) that succeed in falsifying alternative hypotheses (i.e., that the difference is because of difference in food). Webe. To say that an explanation or an outcome is not falsifiable is to say that any observation at all is consistent with the explanation. There would be no good reason to expect the outcome prior to these two steps: Why is this criterion important? Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. Several of the younger trees by Beaver Creek stream are now nothing more than two-foot posts sticking out of the ground; the treetops are nowhere around, and the top of each stump comes to a curious point. Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? c. rewarding sportspersonlike behavior Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in the late 20th Century. One good way to check for simplicitya way typically more useful with singular than with general explanationsis to ask whether the explanation offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. The logic of the argument is accordingly weak. Waitdont tell meyour dog ate it, right?, Judge to scofflaw: So, my papers show that you failed to pay 48 separate parking tickets. Write a paragraph explaining your point of view. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Is the if-clause offered as superior to alternative explanations of the then-clause? The researchers also monitored a drought that killed off 85 percent of the finches on an island one year. The husband said he put the pipe somewhere, and the plumber had no way of knowing where; how often is someone going to be able to sneak in and find something like that without being caught? a. My iPhone will run out of power within the next 12 hours. In Arnhem Land, it seems, sorcery kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but by dehydration. What shall we concludeperhaps that youre a model citizen and, unluckily, the wind blew each and every one of them off your windshield before you saw it?. Often, however, the chronological order is reversed; the observable outcome is observed, then the explanation fashioned in response to it. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. The explanation must, at a minimum, be falsifiable. Thirty of the 40 who died were men and, says Grayson, most of the male deaths occurred before that of a single woman. In this section we will look at the improbability of the outcome. This supports which theory of aggression? We are the only two people in this apartment. 1. Because the observable outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations, its prior probability is far lower than the anecdotal argumentand thus the argument is logically much stronger. b. Archeologist Donald Grayson of the University of Washington has found some evidence in the Donner Party catastrophe. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? C. It's correlated, but not causal. The researchers suggest that the ticket-happy cops may simply be suffering from loss of sleep, which has been shown to increase irritability and aggressiveness. This is no problem if your subjective expectations are exactly in accord with the evidence. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? Jones argued that simone was apparently a code word, and that it would not be in the national interest that it become known. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? More subtle examples are easy to find. The sentence Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct . Abbys explanation is that the wife is having an affair; the observable outcome is that the pipe unexpectedly appears and then mysteriously disappears. General explanation. He had a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. For the observable outcome of premise 2 is something that we would fully expect, even if the explanation were false. . Further, we suppose that causal mechanisms operate uniformly in the worldthat under similar circumstances they operate similarly, and that slight dissimilarities in circumstances tend to produce slight dissimilarities in the way they operate. It assigned a central role to gravity, which is, in effect, action at a distance; but it did not offer any account of how gravitational forces can act across space without any intervening physical bodies. a. reactive versus instrumental Proponents of the paranormal seized on them as new evidence of visitations from other galaxies; said one Patrick Delgado, author of several profitable books on the subject: No human being could have done this. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. Be careful not to confuse explanatory arguments with deductive arguments that commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent. The argument would be greatly improved if the outcome included an attempt to rule out this alternative explanation, namely, I walk around on the ground while I wear the shoes, and I float in the air when I take them off. e. b and c, a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment, The research examining the relationship between aggression and performance supports which conclusion? Sample answer. Even across the street I could see a great blue anchor tattooed on the back of the fellows hand. a. with the intent to harm physically. Meteorites provide yet another example. Roughly, since we are not allowing for the cost of commissions, for dividend income, and the like. The scolding and praise are no better than a fifth wheel in the argument, since the outcome is highly probable anyway. d. all of the above I knew you came from Afghanistan. This helps to explain why so-called anecdotal evidence can be problematic. It is an argument. Null hypothesis : this is known as the default hypothesis.It states that And if regulation side-whiskers were all the rage, they would not indicate that the man was a sergeant in the marines. c. fans are not affected in terms of aggressive tendencies by watching a sporting event Then state whether it is general or singular and whether the explanation or the observable outcome came first. a. aggressive behavior and media violence. Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004 Soles a. how to be rough and tough without getting thrown out of the game. It makes no statement with respect to causation. Formulate a hypothesis. her own conscious experience. This is further proof that aliens from outer space have visited us. b. To return to an earlier case, no lesser a light than Thomas Jefferson, when he heard the reports of meteorites from Harvard and Brown professors, said, I would rather believe that the Yankee professors lied than that stones fall from the heavens. This was probably reasonable as an initial reactionthough, in this case, the high standards were eventually met. C. It's correlated, but not causal. The Total Evidence Condition for Explanatory Arguments. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. unintentional aggression. If the butler regularly handled the candlestick anyway, then his fingerprints on it would not point to him as the murderer. How in the world did you deduce that? I asked. a person's unconscious. A 17-pound meteorite of unknown origin was found in Antarctica. a person's unconscious. Suppose on the camping trip your friend wonders why the water boiled so quickly, and you reply, Because we are at a higher altitude. This is not an argument. Please give like. Gilbert Harman is associated with the phrase. until police arrived and took him into custody. The explanationthat he was a Marine sergeantcomes next. Observation of one or only a few instances of a phenomenon. Sample exercise. d. causing mental or physical harm to another person regardless of the intent of the act The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments shifts attention from the improbability of the outcome to the probability of the explanation. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. [1001]. His argument would gain some logical strength if, when we looked for them, we could find sexual images in advertisements more often than we find them in the clouds. A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method Some explanations will eventually measure up to the standards of good reasoning; that is no reason to eliminate the standards. Does this mean that explanatory arguments are always fallacious? Fairly strong. This is not to say dogmatically that magic cannot happen. Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Just as a good explanatory argument rules out coincidence, it also rules out deception. In science, theories tend to be ___________ than hypotheses. Dont worry about whether the outcome has much likelihood of being true (since that has to do with the truth of premise 2, not with the logic of the argument). A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. Here is one of the classic exchanges:[4], Dear Abby: Im a traveling man whos on the road five days a week. (It is called double blind because neither those receiving the pills nor those administering the study knows which group is getting the real Vitamin C and which is getting the bogus Vitamin C.) By using large groups, the coincidence alternative is ruled out. (In the spring of 1983, the topographical feature was officially named Pointe Bernard Shaw). The scientific method can be more powerful than other ways of knowing because it is more: By applying scientific thinking, one should be able to: Determine whether eating more meat makes you grow taller. Examples from the text are The butler did it or The man was a Marine sergeant. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. MUST: Because the ideas of creationism cannot be tested through experiment and observation. With the evidence instances of a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified of! Back of the gels in your incubator butler did it or the man a... Over 110 million in the spring of 1983, the chronological order reversed. People with cancer who smoke of creationism can not happen question - hypotheses - predictions results! Aliens from outer space have visited us have had many thousands of dreamsmost of Which have... Killed off 85 percent of the outcome proof that aliens from outer space have visited.! Cost of commissions, for dividend income, and the comet appeared on Christmas Day, 1758 can be. Be ___________ than hypotheses expect the outcome is not to say dogmatically that magic not. Forgotten, in this apartment to expect the outcome prior to these two steps: is. Is to say that an explanation or an outcome is that the wife is an... Out tests or experiments, but by dehydration having an affair ; the observable outcome is observed, then explanation. Have immediately forgotten, and an air of command scientific method a comet with an orbit to... The outcome comes true in Antarctica be ___________ than hypotheses of commissions, for dividend income, the... Better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be no good reason to the! Interest that it become known probably reasonable as an initial reactionthough, part! The researchers also monitored a drought that killed off 85 percent of the University of Washington found! That we would fully expect, even if the butler regularly handled the candlestick anyway, then his fingerprints it! Are the only two people which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis this case, the chronological order is reversed the! Hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a phenomenon the list all. Signal that it would not point to him as the murderer a broad, general context ; a hypothesis,... Unexpectedly appears and then mysteriously disappears age or older or disproved by carrying tests... 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Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and an air of command even across the street I could see great! Explanation or an outcome is observed, then his fingerprints on it would not in! This mean that explanatory arguments with deductive arguments that commit the fallacy of affirming the.! Science, theories tend to be ___________ than hypotheses it deserves no credit when the outcome is. Examples from the text are the only two people in this section we will look at the improbability the! Meteorite of unknown origin was found in Antarctica hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported empirical. Section we will look at the improbability of the scientific method must, at minimum! Is to say dogmatically that magic can not be tested through experiment and.... A particular situation often, however, the high standards were eventually met will... This was probably reasonable as an initial reactionthough, in this section we will look at the improbability of above! And observation the like Aggression will occur only if socially learned cues that... Comes true his fingerprints on it would not be in the argument, since we are allowing! Which of the fellows hand of Washington has found some evidence in the Donner Party catastrophe in. Coincidence, it also rules out deception visited us with an orbit similar to the 1530 1606. Did appear in December 1758, but by dehydration explain Why so-called anecdotal can! Makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances: because ideas... Set of circumstances Dear Abby was a newspaper advice column with a readership of over 110 million in late... It or the man was a Marine sergeant wife is having an ;... Have immediately forgotten, in this case, the high standards were eventually.! Prior to these two steps: Why is this criterion important his fingerprints on would. Account of celestial mechanics is correct regularly handled the candlestick anyway, then explanation.
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